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Predictable Meaning Shift: Some Linguistic Properties of Lexical Implication Rules
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In: http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W91/W91-0208.pdf (1992)
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Publisher: Walker Publishing Company Pages ISBN Price
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In: http://www.tesl-ej.org/pdf/ej60/r4.pdf
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Is Machine Translation a Cultural Threat to Anyone?
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In: http://www.mt-archive.info/TMI-1999-Ostler.pdf
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Abstract:
Cultural relativism is not the only, or even primary, way to interpret “the limits of my language”: but, for Wittgenstein, ironically, the limits are shown to be his failure to recognize the existence of different languages. This view, which could be termed “cultural universalism”, is typical of Western philosophers. It relies implicitly on the thesis that all languages are inter-translatable; hence any message is separable from the language that carries it. (Another irony: for a literary text, Wittgenstein’s Tractatus is surprisingly susceptible to Machine Translation.) Substantial inter-translatability is an amazing, possibly defining, property of human languages. Contrast other distinctively human cultural practices, such as music, dance, graphic arts, whose semantics are not propositional, hence not susceptible to translation. But contrast the thesis that all languages are inter-translatable with the maxim that poetry is what gets lost in translation. This latter recognizes the distinctive texture in each language. [This is explored at length in Hofstadter 1997.]
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URL: http://www.mt-archive.info/TMI-1999-Ostler.pdf
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.579.7513
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